Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 70. Chapters: Alan Turing, Roy Jenkins, Max Newman, W. T. Tutte, Peter Benenson, Antony Flew, F. L. Lucas, Stewart Menzies, Stuart Milner-Barry, Peter Hilton, I. J. Good, John Herivel, C. E. Wynn-Williams, John Cairncross, List of people associated with Bletchley Park, Miriam Rothschild, Vernon Watkins, F. W. Winterbotham, Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, Peter Twinn, Tommy Flowers, Shaun Wylie, J. H. C. Whitehead, Dilly Knox, Harry Hinsley, Donald Michie, Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs, A. J. Alan, Alastair Denniston, William Bundy, Jerry Roberts, Peter Laslett, James Alexander Green, D. R. Shackleton Bailey, Peter Calvocoressi, Edward Boyle, Baron Boyle of Handsworth, John Chadwick, John H. Plumb, J. W. S. Cassels, Angus Wilson, Keith Batey, Harry Golombek, Sue Black, John Tiltman, Geoffrey Barraclough, Hugh Sinclair, Gordon Welchman, Ralph Tester, Philip Hall, David Rees, T. S. R. Boase, Jean Valentine, John R.F. Jeffreys, Oliver Strachey, Leslie Yoxall, A. O. L. Atkin, Christine Brooke-Rose, Derek Taunt, Bob Roseveare, Nigel de Grey, John Saltmarsh, Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington, Arthur Bonsall, Edward Travis, Hugh Foss, Howard Smith, Harold Keen, Eric Malcolm Jones, Allen Coombs, Josh Cooper, William Clarke, Leonard James Hooper, James Macrae Aitken, Francis Birch, Frank Adcock, Rolf Noskwith, Arnold Lynch. Excerpt: Alan Mathison Turing, OBE, FRS ( -ing; 23 June 1912 - 7 June 1954), was an English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist. He was highly influential in the development of computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine, which played a significant role in the creation of the modern computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence. During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre. For a time he was head of Hut 8, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine. After the war he worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he created one of the first designs for a stored-program computer, the ACE. Towards the end of his life Turing became interested in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and he predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s. Turing's homosexuality resulted in a criminal prosecution in 1952, when homosexual acts were still illegal in the United Kingdom. He accepted treatment with female hormones (chemical castration) as an alternative to prison. He died in 1954, just over two weeks before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined it was suicide; his mother and some others believed his death was accidental. On 10 September 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official public apology on behalf of the British government for the way in which Turing was treated after the war. Alan Turing was conceived in India. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a member of th